Τετάρτη 27 Ιανουαρίου 2016
Marine Protected Areas: A Winning Card For Sustainable Tourism
Δημοσιεύτηκε στις 27 Ιαν 2016
The Mediterranean Sea is as beautiful as it is fragile. Today it is under threat. Marine Protected Areas are effective tools for ensuring marine ecosystems are protected, natural resources are used sustainably, and that our natural heritage is maintained.
WWF is working with partners to strengthen and expand the network of MPAs in the Mediterranean. An effective MPA system is needed to ensure that the oceans recuperate, continue to store carbon dioxide, that fish stocks recover and that coastlines are protected from harsh climatic conditions.
WWF is working with partners to strengthen and expand the network of MPAs in the Mediterranean. An effective MPA system is needed to ensure that the oceans recuperate, continue to store carbon dioxide, that fish stocks recover and that coastlines are protected from harsh climatic conditions.
Peter Capaldi a.k.a. Dr Who meets Syrian refugees in Jordan with UNHCR
Δημοσιεύτηκε στις 27 Ιαν 2016
Actor, writer, director and UNHCR Supporter Peter Capaldi travelled with UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, to meet Syrian families living in refugee camps and towns and cities across Jordan.
Through writing, photography, film and a unique Virtual Reality experience, Peter helped communicate some of their extraordinary stories of escape and survival and helped highlight the vital role of UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, in supporting and protecting refugees.
Through writing, photography, film and a unique Virtual Reality experience, Peter helped communicate some of their extraordinary stories of escape and survival and helped highlight the vital role of UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, in supporting and protecting refugees.
India Military puts on a SHOW OF POWER in Military Parade
Δημοσιεύτηκε στις 27 Ιαν 2016
The Indian Armed Forces are the military forces of the Republic of India. It consists of three[13][14] professional uniformed services: the Indian Army, Indian Navy, and Indian Air Force. Additionally, the Indian Armed Forces are supported by three paramilitary organisations[15] (Assam Rifles, Indian Coast Guard and Special Frontier Force) and various inter-service institutions such as the Strategic Forces Command. The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces. The Indian Armed Forces are under the management of the Ministry of Defence (MoD), which is led by the Union Cabinet Minister of Defence. With strength of over 1.3 million active personnel, it is world's 3rd largest military force and has the world's largest volunteer army.[16] It is important to note that the Central Armed Police Forces, which are commonly and incorrectly referred to as 'Paramilitary Forces', are headed by officers from the Indian Police Service and are under the control of the Ministry of Home Affairs, not the Ministry of Defence.
The Indian armed forces have been engaged in a number of major military operations, including the Indo-Pakistani wars of 1947, 1965 and 1971, the Portuguese-Indian War, the Sino-Indian War, the 1967 Chola incident, the 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish, the Kargil War, and the Siachen conflict among others. India honours its armed forces and military personnel annually on Armed Forces Flag Day, 7 December. Since 1962, the IAF has maintained close military relations with Russia, including cooperative development on programmes such as the Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) and the Multirole Transport Aircraft (MTA). The Indian armed forces are steadily undergoing modernisation,[17] with investments in areas such as a F-INSAS, missile defence system and a nuclear triad.[18][19]
The Department of Defence Production of the Ministry of Defence is responsible for the indigenous production of equipment used by the Indian Armed Forces. It comprises the 41 Indian Ordnance Factories under control of the Ordnance Factories Board and 8 Defence PSUs namely, HAL, BEL, BEML, BDL, MDL, GSL, GRSE and Midhani.[6] India was the largest importer of defense equipment in 2014 with Russia, Israel, France and the United States being the top foreign suppliers of military equipment.[20][21][22]
The Indian armed forces have been engaged in a number of major military operations, including the Indo-Pakistani wars of 1947, 1965 and 1971, the Portuguese-Indian War, the Sino-Indian War, the 1967 Chola incident, the 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish, the Kargil War, and the Siachen conflict among others. India honours its armed forces and military personnel annually on Armed Forces Flag Day, 7 December. Since 1962, the IAF has maintained close military relations with Russia, including cooperative development on programmes such as the Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) and the Multirole Transport Aircraft (MTA). The Indian armed forces are steadily undergoing modernisation,[17] with investments in areas such as a F-INSAS, missile defence system and a nuclear triad.[18][19]
The Department of Defence Production of the Ministry of Defence is responsible for the indigenous production of equipment used by the Indian Armed Forces. It comprises the 41 Indian Ordnance Factories under control of the Ordnance Factories Board and 8 Defence PSUs namely, HAL, BEL, BEML, BDL, MDL, GSL, GRSE and Midhani.[6] India was the largest importer of defense equipment in 2014 with Russia, Israel, France and the United States being the top foreign suppliers of military equipment.[20][21][22]
The New Indian government under Narendra modi has launched Make in India initiative to indigenize manufacturing and reduce dependence on imports, including defence imports and procurements.[23]
History[edit]
Main article: Military history of India
India has one of the longest military histories, dating back several millennia. The first reference of armies is found in the Vedas as well as the epics Ramayana and Mahabaratha. Classical Indian texts on archery in particular, and martial arts in general are known as Dhanurveda.
Ancient to medieval era[edit]
Indian maritime history dates back 5,000 years.[24] The first tidal dock is believed to have been built at Lothal around 2300 BC during the Indus Valley Civilisation, near the present day Mangrol harbour on the Gujarat coast.[25] The Rig Veda written around 1500 BC, credits Varuna with knowledge of the ocean routes and describes naval expeditions. There is reference to the side wings of a vessel called Plava, which give stability to the ship under storm conditions. A compass, Matsya yantra was used for navigation in the fourth and fifth century AD. The earliest known reference to an organisation devoted to ships in ancient India is to the Mauryan Empire from the 4th century BC. Powerful militaries included those of the Maurya, Satavahana, Chola, Vijayanagara, Mughal and Maratha empires.[26] Emperor Chandragupta Maurya's mentor and advisor Chanakya's Arthashastra devotes a full chapter on the state department of waterways under navadhyaksha (Sanskrit for Superintendent of ships) [1]. The term, nava dvipantaragamanam (Sanskrit for sailing to other lands by ships, i.e. Exploration) appears in this book in addition to appearing in the Buddhist text, Baudhayana Dharmasastra as the interpretation of the term, Samudrasamyanam.
Sea lanes between India and neighbouring lands were the usual form of trade for many centuries, and are responsible for the widespread influence of Indian Culture on other societies. The Cholas excelled in foreign trade and maritime activity, extending their influence overseas to China and Southeast Asia. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Maratha and Kerala fleets were expanded, and became the most powerful Naval Forces in the subcontinent, defeating European Navies at various times (See the Battle of Colachel). The fleet review of the Maratha navy took place at the Ratnagiri fort in which the ships Pal and Qalbat participated.[27] The Maratha Kanhoji Angre and Kunjali Marakkar, the Naval chief of Saamoothiri were two notable naval chiefs of the period.
Τρίτη 26 Ιανουαρίου 2016
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