The scientists are surprised to discover that the famous carved stone heads in Easter Island actually have bodies. They discover these statues in 2012. These statues were carved from the volcanic rock between 100 AD to 1800 by ancient Polynesians. The statues are beautifully decorated and represent tribal figures.
The world was shocked to discover the famous Easter Island heads actually had bodies attached.
These statues were carved from the volcanic rock by ancient Polynesians between 100 AD to 1800.
The scientists were surprised by what they discovered after digging below the surface of the ground where the statues were.
They represent tribal figures or ancestors.
Their significance is not fully discovered, but they are believed to represent prominent tribal figures or ancestors. These bodies might originally get displayed in all their glory.
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Rapa Nui people from the island are involved in excavations.
In 2012, Jo Anne Van Tilburg, director of the Easter Island Statue Project, began excavating the monoliths with the help of local Rapa Nui people.
These statues represent the canoes of the Polynesians.
These statues include crescents carved on the backs of the towering monoliths, which academics say represent the canoes of the Polynesians who made them.
Archaeologists studied the statues on the island are about a century.
Archaeologists have known about the hidden bodies since the earliest excavations in 1914. The exposed bodies of statues were hidden under the ground because of erosions.
There are total 887 giant statues.
These statues are up to 10 metres tall and weigh more than 80 tonnes.
In an impassioned, no-holds-barred speech, Golden Dawn MP Ilias Kasidiaris ripped the Greek Government and her Ministers for allowing and continuing to support a Muslim invasion of Europe under the guise of’ “migrantion.” Calling them traitors who sold out Greece and have dishonored the memory of those who fought to keep Greece from becoming a Muslim nation and selling out their neighbor, Mr. Kasidiaris’ then proposes a law that will imprison and expel illegals and all those who aid in smuggling them into Greece.
The speech was made on March 21st, and I have provided a full transcript of the dialogue below:
…with Mr. Kasidiaris, Parliamentary Representative of Golden Dawn.
I’ll begin with the “International Day Against Racism,” by denouncing the only racism that exists at this moment in Greece: The racism against the Greeks
Because when Parliament, when the Government, this sold-out to the foreigner usurers of a Government, for months occupies themselves with what will happen with the illegal immigrants and how more illegal immigrants can enter Greece, the Greek people are literally unhappy, they are impoverished and are facing a miserable situation.
So, the only racism that exists in this country, racism that only a Golden Dawn National Government can crack down on, is the racism against the Greeks!
And it’s a sad phenomenon and indicative of the degenerated condition of the State today, of today’s wretched coaltion, that currently is still sitting on ministerial benches, still sitting on the governmental benches is an agent who sold out Greek history and committed treason!
Because concession of the name of Macedonia to foreign foreign forces is treason!
We turn you over to the great shame of history.
We didn’t by chance say that when Golden Dawn comes into power, when there will truly be a Greek government in Greece, agents such as Mouzalas and like all those who sell out Greece will be deported to Skopje. Because that must be the fate of every traitor.
Because blood has been spilled for centuries, not just for our national sovereignty, not just for the name of Macedonia, not just so that Greece isn’t an Islamic country!
We fought for four hundred years, rivers of blood were spilled so the Islamists leave, so the Muslims leave, so the crescent leaves from Greece, so these hateful symbols and this hateful religion leaves from our country!
Rivers of blood were spilled which you didn’t respect and today you’re trying, in minimal time, to Islamize our country, to sell out our national rights, to make Greece into an Islamic country, to give up our national sovereignty, to give up the name of Macedonia. The national treason will not pass!
It will not pass, and the Popular Association- Golden Dawn promises this.
I saw, even, that earlier panic prevailed, the guard was mobilized behind the scenes, so that there won’t’ be incidents, so we don’t attack the said agent who committed these disgraces.
Although many citizens tell us- both me personally and to other MPs from the Popular Association- that “Those who commit these disgraces, you should shake them up with beat downs,” we choose…
<<Sit down, sit down and don’t interrupt me!>> <<Sit down and don’t interrupt me!>> <<SYRIZA found an advocate from New Democracy, let’s have a laugh!>> <<SYRIZA found an advocate from New Democracy.>> <<Mr. President, Mr. President, what’s going to happen now, am I going to tolerate every fool, every despicable person interrupting me, every disgrace interrupting me?>> –“Don’t cause an issue now…”— <<I will continue.>>
We will shake you up, not with beat downs, as the citizens say, but with legality, because here there have been many specific crimes, very specific crimes with the illegal immigration issue, by those appointed and who impersonate Ministers: Felony abuse of power, felony fraud against the public, felony false statements at the expense of the public. All of this is punishable with life sentences, because all who enter Greece- let’s make mention of some legal issues, despite the face that the Greek people today aren’t looking for legal advice, they are demanding solutions and political cleansing. All those entering Greece aren’t even applying for asylum.
Therefore, they are automatically illegal immigrants- pay attention to the term, “illegal immigrants”- precisely as it is defined by the Summit decision you signed!
This term, therefore, illegal immigrant, regards all of them, the absolute majority of those who are currently in Greece. Therefore, they shouldn’t be transferred to the notorious hospitality areas. It’s illegal. It is felony abuse of power to waste millions of Euros of public money to feed and luxuriously house illegal immigrants.
And for this crime, when Golden Dawns assumes the governance of this country, those responsible will pay! Beyond that, today’s question from New Democracy is a mockery of a question, of course. SYRIZA and New Democracy Argue. There is a dispute over who would give the most to the illegal immigrants. And so I can be precise here, there was a decision by the Government of New Democracy from the year 2014 which today is being implemented on what happens at the hosting sites, at these infamous structures, which aren’t the Hilton. They aren’t the Hilton, the acting minister said it wrong. They are Four Seasons Hotels, if I read exactly what is provided to the illegal immigrants. And I’m referring to the Four Seasons because that’s where Kammenos ate steaks and paid 800 Euros per steak.
What is laid down in this law of New Democracy, who today fights with SYRIZA over who gives the most comforts of the illegal immigrants? Entertainment programs and information activities, sports, dance, psychological and educational trips for illegal immigrants.
Today, some children were supposed to go to Brussels from Greek Thrace, some students, with expenses paid by the Popular Association- Golden Dawn, with expenses paid by our MEP General Synadinos, and the de-Hellenized Ministry of Education intervened and prohibited the Greek youths of Thrace from going to Brussels, because the expenses would have been paid for by Golden Dawn.
I will close submitting to the minutes the solution to the major problem of illegal immigration. It’s the legislative proposal being submitted by the Popular Association- Golden Dawn to combat illegal immigration. If this law is passed -and one day it will be passed- two things will occur and the problem will be solved in just one day. First, it will be of statutory offense of illegally cross the borders of Greece. Whoever commits this crime won’t be going to a “hot spot,” they will be going to prisons where they will also work on projects for the public. And second, life term sentences for traffickers, for the smugglers. And since I spoke of smugglers, here are the relevant documents with a politician from New Democracy, with an executive from New Democracy, named Prevezanos, who was a candidate for mayor in Aetolia-Arcanina, embracing the President of New Democracy and other MPs, such as Karagounis, and who was arrested for human trafficking.
Only with the solutions proposed by the Popular Association – Golden Dawn will there be a resolution to the illegal immigration issue and will Greece be able to once again belong to the Greeks, so we Greeks ourselves don’t become a minority in our Fatherland.
A desert oasis surrounded by palm trees in central Syria, Palmyra is also a strategic crossroads linking the Syrian capital, Damascus, with the country's east and neighboring Iraq. Home to 65,000 people before the latest fighting, the town is located 155 miles (215 kilometers) east of Damascus.
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HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE
A UNESCO world heritage site, Palmyra boasts 2,000-year-old towering Roman-era colonnades and priceless artifacts. Syrians affectionately refer to it as the "Bride of the Desert."
Palmyra was the capital of an Arab client state of the Roman Empire that briefly rebelled and carved out its own kingdom in the 3rd Century, led by Queen Zenobia. Before the war, it was Syria's top tourist attraction, drawing tens of thousands of visitors each year.
Palmyra was first mentioned in the archives of Mari in the 2nd millennium B.C., according to UNICEF's website. The town was the hub of a network of caravan trails that carried silks and spices from eastern Asia to the Mediterranean.
Palmyra became a prosperous region during the Hellenistic period and later became part of the Roman Empire. But its rebellious Queen Zenobia challenged Rome's authority. The city was plundered in A.D. 272 after she was captured during a long siege.
In more recent times, Palmyra has had darker associations for Syrians. It was home to the Tadmur prison, a notorious facility where thousands of opponents of President Bashar Assad's government were reportedly tortured. IS demolished the prison after capturing the town.
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DESTRUCTION
Last year, IS destroyed the Temple of Bel, which dated back to A.D. 32, and the Temple of Baalshamin, a structure of stone blocks several stories high fronted by six towering columns. The militants also blew up the Arch of Triumph, which had been built under the Roman emperor Septimius Severus between A.D. 193 and A.D. 211.
The extremists have destroyed ancient sites across their self-styled Islamic caliphate in Syria and Iraq, viewing them as monuments to idolatry. In August, IS militants beheaded Khaled al-Asaad, an 81-year-old antiquities scholar who had devoted his life to studying Palmyra. His body was later hung from a Roman column.
A video circulated online purportedly showed IS fighters shooting dead some 25 captured Syrian soldiers in a Palmyra amphitheater. The killings are believed to have taken place in May, shortly after the extremists captured the town. Another video showed militants killing three captives by tying them to Roman columns and blowing them up.
It's not yet clear whether the ruins were damaged when Syrian forces retook the town. The Antiquities Ministry said ahead of the town's fall that the remaining ruins are in good condition. It has vowed to restore the site.
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STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE
The loss of Palmyra marks a major setback for IS, which has been losing ground for months in both Iraq and Syria. The capture of the town brings Syrian forces closer to Raqqa, the IS group's de facto capital, and the eastern city of Deir el-Zour, which is almost entirely held by the extremists.
Despite its battlefield losses, IS retains the ability to carry out large attacks in the Middle East and further afield, such as the bombings in Brussels last week, which killed 31 people.
Ομαδικός τάφος με 12 σκελετούς που είχαν αλυσοδεμένα χέρια πίσω από την πλάτη τους
Το Forbes κάνει αφιέρωμα στο πώς οι επιστήμονες ρίχνουν φως στα μυστικά και τις σκοτεινές πτυχές της ταφής των 1500 σκελετών που έχουν βρεθεί στη μεγάλη ανασκαφή της Αττικής.
Στο λιμάνι του Φαλήρου της Αθήνας, οι αρχαιολόγοι έχουν στρέψει όλη την προσοχή τους σε ένα από τα μεγαλύτερα νεκροταφεία που έχουν ποτέ βρεθεί σε ανασκαφή στην Ελλάδα. Το Forbes έκανε αφιέρωμα στην Νεκρόπολητου Φαλήρου και σημειώνει στον τίτλο πως "Οι αρχαιολόγοι μελετώντας τους αλυσοδεμένους σκελετούς της αρχαίας Ελλάδας προσπαθούν να κατανοήσουν την άνοδο της Αθήνας".
Σε απόσταση μόλις 7 χιλιομέτρων από το κέντρο της Αθήνας, ένας ομαδικός τάφος με 1500 σκελετούς, στην πλειοψηφία τους αλυσοδεμένους πισθάγκωνα, προβληματίζει τους αρχαιολόγους, οι οποίοι προσπαθούν να ρίξουν φως σε αυτήν την σκοτεινή πτυχή της ιστορίας της αρχαίας Αθήνας.
Στον ομαδικό τάφο έχουν βρεθεί πάνω από 1500 σκελετοί που χρονολογούνται από τον 8ο-5ο αιώνα π.Χ., εύρημα που θεωρείται σημαντικό για την κατανόηση της ανόδου της ελληνικής πόλης-κράτους και, ειδικότερα, για την κατανόηση της βίας και της υποταγής που τη συνόδευε. Δύο μαζικές ταφές στο Φάληρο κρύβουν σκελετούς που βρέθηκαν σε πρηνή θέση και με τα χέρια τους αλυσοδεμένα πίσω από την πλάτη τους και αυτό ακριβώς είναι που έχει προκαλέσει το ενδιαφέρον σε μια διεθνή ομάδα αρχαιολόγων που έχει αναλάβει τον καθαρισμό, την καταγραφή και την ανάλυση τους.
Ένας σκελετός που βρέθηκε με τα χέρια του δεμένα πίσω από την πλάτη
Η ανασκαφή στο χώρο ξεκίνησε σχεδόν πριν από έναν αιώνα από την Ελληνική Αρχαιολογική Υπηρεσία. Αλλά η μεγάλης κλίμακας ανασκαφή, που απλώνεται σε ένα στρέμμα πραγματοποιήθηκε μεταξύ 2012-2016 από το Τμήμα Αρχαιοτήτων του Υπουργείου Πολιτισμού, με επικεφαλής την αρχαιολόγο Στέλλα Χρυσουλάκη. Η σύγχρονη ανασκαφή συγκέντρωσε τεράστια δημοσιότητα στην Ελλάδα, λόγω της κλίμακας και της χρηματοδότησής του από το Κέντρο Πολιτισμού Ίδρυμα Σταύρος Νιάρχος, αλλά η είδηση δεν πήρε μεγάλη δημοσιότητα στο εξωτερικό, σημειώνει το Forbes.
H ανασκαφή ήταν προσεκτική και λεπτομερής, με συντηρητές στο χώρο και με αρκετούς σκελετούς να έχουν αφαιρεθεί για περαιτέρω έρευνες. Η ψηφιοποίηση των αρχαιολογικών αρχείων ανά τομέα συνεχίζεται με φωτογραφίες και χαρτογράφηση αλλά αυτό είναι μόνο η αρχή για τους σκελετούς, των οποίων η διατήρηση και η ανάλυση πρέπει να γίνει από ειδικούς της βιοαρχαιολογίας και εγκληματολογικής ανθρωπολογία.
Σκελετός που βρέθηκε σε βάρκα
Υπάρχει σημαντική διαφοροποίηση στο πώς οι άνθρωποι θάφτηκαν στο Φάληρο. Οι περισσότεροι βρέθηκαν θαμμένοι μέσα σε κοινούς λάκκους αλλά σχεδόν το ένα τρίτο είναι βρέφη και παιδιά μέσα σε μεγάλα πιθάρια, περίπου 5% είναι αποτεφρωμένοι και υπάρχουν μερικοί που έχουν βρεθεί σε κιβωτιόσχημους τάφους. Ένας από αυτούς βρέθηκε σε ξύλινο σκάφος που χρησιμοποιήθηκε ως φέρετρο. Οι αλυσοδεμένοι σκελετοί, τα πιο συναρπαστικά ευρήματα στο Φάληρο, έχουν λάβει την προσοχή των ερευνητών για δεκαετίες, καθώς είναι από τις λίγες περιπτώσεις αλυσοδεμένων νεκρών τον αρχαίο κόσμο και θα μπορούσαν να είναι σημάδια της τιμωρίας, της δουλείας, ή της ποινής του θανάτου. Αλλά η μελέτη αυτών των «αιχμαλώτων» πρέπει να λάβει χώρα στο πλαίσιο του συνόλου του νεκροταφείου, και την ανάλυση 1.500 σκελετών είναι ένα τεράστιο έργο.
Στις μελέτες συμμετέχει και η δρ.Jane Buikstra, διευθύντρια του Κέντρου βιοαρχαιολογικής Έρευνας στο Πολιτειακό Πανεπιστήμιο της Αριζόνα, και ο γεωαρχαιολόγος Παναγιώτης Καρκάνας, διευθυντής του Εργαστηρίου Wiener στην Αμερικανική Σχολή Κλασικών Σπουδών στην Αθήνα.
Η δρ.Jane Buikstra και ο Παναγιώτης Καρκάνας δίπλα σε έναν τάφο που έχει αφαιρεθεί χρησιμοποιώντας μια τεχνική μπλοκ. Η ταφή είναι αποθηκευμένη μέσα σε μια εγκατάσταση ελεγχόμενου κλίματος.
Προτού οι 1.500 σκελετοί διατεθούν στους ερευνητές για μελέτη, το σύνολο των λειψάνων πρέπει να καθαριστεί, τα οστά να απογραφούν και να προσδιοριστεί η ηλικία του θανάτου και το φύλο τους καθώς και οι όποιες παθολογικές καταστάσεις σχετίζονται. Η δημιουργία μιας βάσης δεδομένων αυτού του μεγέθους απαιτεί χρόνο και προσπάθεια, όπως και η συσχέτιση των σκελετών με το αρχαιολογικό τους πλαίσιο.
Σε μακροπρόθεσμη βάση η Buikstra είναι σίγουρη πως οι σκελετοί του Φαλήρου θα ανοίξουν ένα παράθυρο σε μια κομβική στιγμή στην αρχαία ελληνική ιστορία, λίγο πριν από την άνοδο της πόλης-κράτους. Η ερευνητική ομάδα έχει τέσσερις κύριους στόχους μετά από διατήρηση των σκελετών:
1) Να διερευνήσουν ενδελεχώς τους αλυσοδεμένους σκελετούς και τις αποκλίνουσα ταφές, συμπεριλαμβανομένων των ατόμων που υπήρχαν σε μαζικούς τάφους. Με βάση αυτό θα προσπαθήσουν να απαντήσουν αν είναι οι άνθρωποι αυτοί ήταν θύματα πολιτικής αναταραχής που προηγήθηκε της ανόδου της αθηναϊκής δημοκρατίας.
2) Να μελετήσουν τις ταφές των παιδιών και να μάθουν περισσότερα για τη νηπιακή και παιδική ηλικία στον αρχαίο κόσμο.
3) Να μάθουν περισσότερα σχετικά με τη διατροφή των ανθρώπων σε αυτό το αρχαίο λιμάνι της πόλης και να μάθουν αν οι κάτοικοί του είχαν εκτεθεί σε ασθένειες που μετέφεραν εκεί οι ναυτικοί
4) Να συγκρίνουν τους σκελετούς που είχαν περίτεχνη ταφή και εστιάζοντας στις πιο απλές ταφές, να ρίξουν φως σε όλες τις κοινωνικές τάξεις της αρχαίας Αθήνας.
Σκελετοί παιδιών που βρέθηκαν σε πιθάρια
Ένα κρανίο από την ανασκαφή του Φαλήρου
Ένας από τους σκελετούς που βρέθηκαν σε πρηνή θέση
Γενική άποψη της ανασκαφής
Η Bukistra επιθυμεί να θέσει τη βάση δεδομένων στη διάθεση των ερευνητών σε όλο τον κόσμο και έτσι να επιτρέψει σε βιοαρχαιολόγους να χρησιμοποιήσουν αναλυτικές μεθόδους όπως το αρχαίο DNA και η χημεία για να αποκαλύψουν τις ιστορίες του Φαλήρου.
New study suggests that an encounter of the solar system with a giant molecular dark cloud could have driven an environmental catastrophe leading to mass extinction in the last 8 million years of the Cretaceous period.
Our galaxy the Milky Way has a disk with a radius of 32000 light-years and a thickness of 650 light years. Our solar system is located inside at ~ 28000 light years from its center. Many dark clouds are distributed throughout the disk. But first, what is a dark cloud? A dark cloud is a nebula that is so dense it obscures the light from objects behind it. It consists of high-density particles (protons) and low-temperature (8–40 K) neutral gas. Its size could range between 0.65–560 light years.
Scientists estimated that more than 150 clouds encounter likely occurs in the age of the sun. A number of previous studies have suggested that a nebula encounter may lead to an environmental catastrophe and thus to a mass extinction. But how could a nebula trigger some of Earth’s most dramatic environmental? A nebula encounter could lead to a global cooling by the enhanced flux of cosmic dust particles. They remain in the stratosphere for several months or even years and work as sunscreens to reflect back the sunlight. Therefore, it causes a global winter and possibly thousands-year-long cooling episode with devastating consequences.
But how can the scientists be sure about these encounters? The answer is iridium. Iridium is important because it is used by scientists as a “measurement tool”. Iridium is rare in Earth’s crust but it is abundant in many space objects as meteorites, asteroids, dark nebula etc. So finding such iridium-rich layer (subsurface layer which are enriched in iridium) in many sites around the world means one thing, a truly a worldwide event. This is how scientists proceed.
Through the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), a core sample of sediment was taken from a site located in the central North Pacific. This site has been in that area at least since the end of the Cretaceous — a period usually noted for being the last portion of the “Age of Dinosaurs”.
Using analysis through a Co–Ir diagram, the result shows an abundance of iridium in the core sample of that site. This abundance cannot be explained by any mixture of the materials on the surface of the Earth, and thus requires contribution from extraterrestrial materials. Scientists data shows that this enhanced flux of the extraterrestrial material can be explained by a dark cloud encounter.
The encounter leads to a “Nebula Winter” in which an environmental catastrophe of the Earth is driven by an enhanced flux of cosmic dust particles and cosmic rays, which cause global cooling and destruction of the ozone layer. The long period of climate cooling forced by a dark-cloud encounter may account for a mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous (Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary). It is also consistent with a trend of the reduction in generic number of dinosaur as well as ammonite 66 million years ago.
Chicxulub impact 66 million years agoThe mass extinction that happened 66 million years ago is widely thought to have been caused by an impact of an asteroid. However, a complete extinction by just one asteroid impact seems rather difficult because of the following two reasons.
First, a severe perturbation in the global environment of Earth would finish nearly 5 years after the impact, the solid particles launched by the asteroid impact would settle down in only a few months to a few years and a negative radiative forcing would become negligible a few years subsequent to the impact.
For example, the effect of the sunshield by launched solid particles into the atmosphere of the Earth from the eruptions of the Pinatubo (June 1991) volcanoes completely vanished after 3–5 years. Even if 100 times larger than the Pinatubo eruption, as is the estimated case of the Chicxulub impact, the sunshield effect would not persist beyond about 5 years, because the retention time is determined by convection time of stratosphere.
Individuals of those few percentages of surviving species would recover completely after the environmental catastrophe was over.
Second, there have been impact events of similar scale to that of Chicxulub without catastrophe of the global environment, such as the Woodleigh impact cratering events (the formation of the 120-kmdiameter Woodleigh crater in western Australia which is about ~ 80% the size of the Chicxulub crater).
Some scientists go even further, say that an encounter with the dark cloud perturbs the orbit of asteroids and comets through its gravitational pull, causing showers of asteroids and/or comets, and likely associated impact events. The asteroid impact of Chicxulub therefore, may be one of the consequences of the dark cloud encounter.
We conclude that the cause of the cold climate at the EndCretaceous was driven by an encounter with a giant molecular cloud, with such an encounter and related perturbation in global climate a more plausible explanation for the mass extinction than a single impact event, Chicxulub.
said Tokuhiro Nimura Japan Spaceguard Association, lead author of the paper — you can find the preprint on arxiv.org.
Note: In the 1990s a meteorite crater 180 km (110 miles) across, on the seabed off the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, was dated to the late Cretaceous Period. The rock that made the Chicxulub crater was 10 km (6 miles) across. The impact may have made so much dust that the Sun’s light was blotted out, leading to a mass extinction.
