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Παρασκευή 2 Μαΐου 2014

2015 Volvo S60 and V60 Polestar Review

2015 Volvo S60 and V60 Polestar Review


Häckeberga Castle, Sweden -- Volvo is a company on the precipice. The Swedish car company has been searching for a new direction ever since it left the Ford umbrella to become a part of Geely Automotive, a Chinese car company.
It has previewed a new styling direction during this past auto show season with a trio of bold concepts that have got every designer on the planet in a sweat of envy. Later this year, the redesigned Volvo next XC90 crossover, will appear, the first of a slew of products being developed on an all-new architecture.
Of course, it was proving a little difficult to think about this, since we are roaring around the southern tip of Sweden in the 2015 Volvo S60 Polestar and 2015 Volvo V60 Polestar, two high-performance cars that would make even a Swede forget to be sober and sensible for a few moments.

Polestar is a car, not what you think it is

Polestar refers not to a package or trim level but rather to an independent company that has run Volvo racing teams since 1996, and which has just made a race-winning debut in Australian touring car racing. Polestar is a very small operation with about thirty-five employees, but it harbors ambitions of challenging German performance sub brands. It tempted us with a souped up C30 in 2011 that very nearly made production, then teased us with the radical 508-hp 2013 Volvo S60 Concept, which was built in a limited quantity for Volvo fanatics around the globe.
Polestar has been contributing assorted hot rod pieces to special editions of Volvo cars for some time, including engine computer chips, but now it’s serious. The 2015 Volvo S60 Polestar and 2015 Volvo V60 Polestar represent the first production cars from the company. These all-wheel-drive cars look very much the same as the S60 Concept, riding low on twenty-inch wheels and wearing the same Smurf-like shade of blue paint (other colors will be offered).
Both these all-wheel-drive Polestar cars feature Volvo’s turbocharged, inline-6 engine, only it makes 345-hp, some 20 hp more than even the R-design versions of the S60 and V60 that carry Polestar chips in their engine computers. This is a sensible amount, although it doesn’t blow us away. “You’d need 100 horsepower more to impress people at the bar,” admits Polestar managing director Hans Bååth.
The powertrain does impress from the driver’s seat. The formally subdued 3.0-liter inline-six now rumbles through a new exhaust system—a muffler bypass opens above 4000 rpm or whenever the automatic transmission is in sport mode. A prominent whoosh announces the upgraded turbo’s contributions during hard acceleration. The six-speed automatic has been upgraded to provide quicker, sharper shifts in sport mode.
The S60 and V60 Polestar models even incorporate a launch mode. You put your left foot on the brake, right foot to the floor, then left off the brake and off you go to 60 mph in 4.7 seconds (5.0 in the wagon). Bååth coyly points out that drivers will be able to do this as much as they want without voiding their warranties.

So you think you can dance?

Both the S60 Polestar and V60 Polestar ride on not only stiffer springs but also Öhlins high-pressure gas dampers that offer no fewer than ten settings, a level of overkill that would have impressed Tim Allen on “Home Improvement.” Polestar suspects few owners will ever fuss with the adjustments, which must be made manually on the shocks themselves. (On the wagon, you’d actually have to lower the rear shocks from their mounts.) The factory setting calls for halfway between hard and soft, and this suited us just fine on the narrow roads in southern Sweden. The cars felt planted and stable in quick transitions, a real feat considering the curb weights for both sedan and wagon hover around 4000 pounds. Lush fields of yellow flowers blur by, and we strain to see if a Scania truck or tour bus is coming the other way before diving through the next corner. No, this is definitely not what one pictures when hearing the words “Volvo” and “Sweden.”
Polestar also let us loose on the Knutstorp Ring, a small race track that hosts Scandinavian Touring Car Championship. Nevertheless, Baath warned us, “It’s important for us to stress this is not a track day car,” says Bååth. This sandbagging seems to reflect the pride and prejudice of a company that’s still primarily a race team rather than any actual shortcomings in the cars.
The Polestar twins have their steering calibrated to the same specification as the Volvo S60 T6 R-design, but the front suspension has been reinforced with stiffer strut mount bushings and a strut tower brace. This, in combination with more body control from the Öhlins dampers and bigger tires, delivers a satisfyingly immediate response. The ratio is quick enough that you can negotiate a hairpin without shuffling the steering wheel through too many turns. Meanwhile the turbo six delivers 369 lb-ft of torque, so the car rockets away from the slow corners. We’d like more brakes, though, as despite an upgrade to a new brake booster and big front brakes from Brembo, the brake pedal still went soft after a couple laps. (Well, maybe we went deeper into the corners than we should have.)
Turning off stability control activates Polestar’s own programming for the all-wheel-drive system, sending more power to the rear wheels. Stability control will still intervene if a driver loses control, but that would take some doing, as the Michelin Pilot Super Sport tires grip tenaciously. Push hard enough and the V60 will understeer, particularly in sharp turns where it can’t rely on all-wheel-drive trickery to rotate the rear end. Bååth recommends setting the rear dampers firmer and the fronts softer for more neutral handling on a tight road course.

Swedes Are Sober and Sensible

It’s quite an accomplishment that Polestar has turned up the performance heat in the 2015 Volvo S60 Polestar and 2015 Volvo V60 Polestar without ruining the things about them that make them Volvos.
Ride quality doesn’t seem to suffer, even though the progressive-rate springs are dramatically stiffer than stock. Under part throttle, the inline-six proves as smooth and refined as ever. In other words, the S60 and V60 Polestar still feel like Volvos. The vehicles are built on the regular production line to Polestar specification, so they shouldn’t suffer in quality. Of course, the interiors are naturally finished with the usual black suede upholstery and carbon- fiber trim in the cabin, and we’re pretty tired of this cliché, even in a performance car.
We can’t help but be a little disappointed that these Polestar cars aren’t quite up to meeting the BMW M-cars on a level playing field, but we recognize that the Polestar people are right when they point out that Volvo buyers aren’t looking to own a hotrod.
Volvo has not yet announced pricing for the 2015 Volvo S60 Polestar and 2015 Volvo V60 Polestar, but said to expect a 15-20 percent premium over a loaded version of the S60 T6 R-design and V60 T6 R-design. Production of these cars will be very limited at first. Only 120 Polestar cars will make it to the United States, and most of these will be wagons.
The good news is, as Volvo ramps up its product onslaught, we can expect to see more from Polestar. “My friends are already working on a ’16 model,” Bååth tells us.

2015 VOLVO S60 POLESTAR, 2015 VOLVO V60 POLESTAR

Base price$57,500 (est)
Engine:3.0-liter turbocharged I-6
Power:345 hp
Torque:369 lb-ft
Transmission:6-speed automatic
Drive:4-wheel
Fuel Economy:18/27 (city/highway) (est)


Read more: http://www.automobilemag.com/reviews/driven/1404-2015-volvo-s60-and-v60-polestar-review/#ixzz30ZshaFCr

the biggest lead and zinc deposits in the world


Folded, layered sulfides from the Sullivan mine. Scale in centimeters.  (Image: NRC)
Folded, layered sulfides from the Sullivan mine. Scale in centimeters. (Image: NRC)

SEDEX: the biggest lead and zinc deposits in the world

More than half of the world’s zinc and lead has come from SEDEX deposits like Mt Isa in Australia, Red Dog in Alaska and the former Sullivan mine in Canada.
SEDEX (SEDimentary Exhalative) deposits are one of several types of sediment-hosted lead-zinc deposits.
Rich accumulations of lead, zinc and silver are found in the ore minerals sphalerite (zinc sulfide) and galena (lead sulfide) deposited between thin layers of marine sand, silt and mud in sedimentary basins.
640px Mt isa mines qld SEDEX: the biggest lead and zinc deposits in the world mineral deposits geology basics  zinc sphalerite sedex lead hydrothermal vent galena
The Mt Isa region in Queensland, Australia, is host to the biggest accumulations of zinc, lead and silver in the world (Image: CC)
How do they form?
Hydrothermal vents
SEDEX deposits form deep under the ocean where vents in the sea floor allow hydrothermal fluids to mix with seawater.  These hot, saline fluids have percolated through several kilometers of sediments and crystalline rocks, picking up precious metals along the way.
As the metal-rich hydrothermal fluids hit the cool sea water, they precipitate material onto the sea floor at and near the vents.  Metal-rich minerals are deposited between layers of fine-grained mud, sand and silt.
Fluids
Temperature and salinity, together with the sulphur content, oxidation state and acidity of these hydrothermal fluids, controls how much zinc and lead they can carry.  We know from studying the minerals and the bubbles of fluid trapped inside them, of SEDEX deposits worldwide that their ore-forming fluids contained up to 10-30% dissolved salts and were well over 100oC.
Understanding the chemistry of these fluids is important not only to our understanding of how these giant, rich ore bodies form, but also to understanding how oxygen appeared in our oceans and atmosphere, and when life appeared on Earth.
800px Atlantic trench 300x215 SEDEX: the biggest lead and zinc deposits in the world mineral deposits geology basics  zinc sphalerite sedex lead hydrothermal vent galena
Atlantic Trench, home to the deepest explored hydrothermal vents on Earth
Tectonic setting
SEDEX deposits form at or just below the seafloor in thick sediments laid down in rifts – long troughs that form where crust is pulled apart and thinned – or passive margin settings – where continents drift apart.  Although they seem similar, they are not associated with volcanic activity like Volcanic Massive Sulphide depositsFaults that form in these settings become the conduit for hydrothermal fluids.
Modern day examples
Geologists are visiting modern hydrothermal sea floor vents to better understand how SEDEX deposits form and where the rich metals contained within them come from.
The deepest known vents on Earth are nearly 5km (3 miles) below the ocean surface, discovered in the Caribbean Ocean south of Cuba in 2010 and explored in 2013.
Ore minerals
As the metal-carrying hydrothermal fluids came in contact with hydrogen sulphide produced by bacteria in the seawater, they precipitated the sulphide minerals: Primary among these minerals are iron sulfides such and pyrite and pyrrhotite, but zinc and lead sulfides are the primary economic minerals associated with these deposits. Silver, copper tin and tungsten may also be deposited in economic quantities. Barite (barium sulfate) is also common in these settings.
Generally, sphalerite, a zinc sulphide and the principal ore of zinc and galena, a lead sulphide and the most important lead ore, dominate the base of a SEDEX deposit, at and around the vent.
Exploration for SEDEX Deposits
As mentioned above, these deposits are found in association with thick sea floor sediments deposited in fault-controlled extensional settings. There also appears to be a time windows associated with their formation. Known deposits occur in Paleozoic and Proterozoic basins, while none are known to occur in Mezozoic or Cenozoic rocks. In other words, none are older than 2.5 Billion years and none are younger than 250 million years. For exploration geologists, the first item on their check list should be finding a region of the right age and right geological setting.
Since the magnetic mineral pyrrhotite is known to occur in SEDEX deposits along with other metal sulfides in massive beds and stringers, airborne EM and mag surveys along with ground magnetics may be useful prospecting tools. The heavy sulfide minerals along with the heavy mineral barite may also contrast against the lighter background sediments in a gravity survey.
Important SEDEX deposits
Mt Isa, Australia
The Mt Isa-McArthur area in northern Australia is host to the biggest accumulations of zinc, lead and silver in the world.  The area hosts five supergiant SEDEX deposits – McArthur River, Century, Mt. Isa, Hilton, and George Fisher.
Red Dog, USA
Red Dog in Alaska is the largest mine in the USA and produces 5% of global zinc mine production.
Sullivan, Canada
Discovered over 100 years ago, the Sullivan deposit was the largest SEDEX deposit in Canada, producing 116 million tonnes of zinc (5.8 % Zn) and lead (6.7 % Pb). The mine is no longer producing but Santa Fe Metals and Eagle Plains Resources are pursuing SEDEX prospects in the area.
Further Reading
SEDEX Deposits in the Cordillera: Current concepts on their geology, genesis, and exploration (PDF Slide Presentation)
SEDEX- Sedimentary-Exhalative Deposits (PDF, Academic)
Proterozoic sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposits and links to evolving global ocean chemistry (PDF, Academic)


2015 Can-Am Renegade 1000 Family

2015 Can-Am Renegade 1000 Family

For 2015, the exhilarating Renegade 1000, with its proven 82-HP Rotax V-Twin, is offered in both a base and industry-exclusive X xc package. A wild, new Digital Camo & Manta Green graphic package is now available.

Can-Am Renegade 1000 Family Highlights

PERFORMANCE

  • 82-HP Rotax V-Twin 1000 EFI
  • CVT transmission
  • Large radiator
  • High-grade exhaust and silencer
  • Dual-room, no-tools air box

HANDLING

  • SST G2 frame with Geometric Contact Control
  • Double A-arm front suspension with dive-control geometry
  • TTI rear suspension
  • Visco-Lok‡ front differential
  • 214mm disc brakes with twin-piston calipers
  • Separate front and rear braking control
  • 12-inch (30.5 cm) cast-aluminum wheels with centre-less design
  • ITP Holeshot ATR tires (base model)

RIDER-FOCUSED DESIGN

  • Easy access to maintenance items
  • Large fuel tank
  • Full floorboards with aggressive foot pegs with kick-ups
  • 240 watts of lighting
  • D.E.S.S.

Can-Am Renegade 1000 X xc Package:

  • Tri-mode Dynamic Power Steering (DPS)
  • Visco-Lok QE
  • FOX Podium X fully adjustable suspension
  • 12-inch (30.5 cm) aluminum beadlock wheels
  • Aluminum skid plate
  • Aluminum taper-profile handlebar with square pad
  • Handlebar wind deflectors with aluminum braces (full wrap)
  • Powerful magneto
  • Renegade X xc-specific graphics and seat cover
  • Two color choices: Yellow & Black; Digital Camo & Manta Green